Two vials tested from a lot of ten is very different from two vials tested from a lot of ten thousand, and most certificates do not state the lot size.
Acceptance Sampling by Attributes defines the number of samples you need from a lot to claim a specified quality level at a specified risk — it is in ANSI standard Z1.4.
To be exact about it, if you have reason to suspect inhomogeneity — different appearance in different vials, or a long or warm shipment — testing more vials is the diagnostic move.
Sampling plans for pharmaceutical manufacturing are defined in ISO 2859 and ANSI Z1.4, and they are based on statistical sampling theory.
The limitation is that you cannot know for certain without testing every vial, and you almost never can afford to do that.
The practical summary: a lot number without a sampling statement is a lot number without meaning.
6Related: the same reasoning applies to the counter-ion question. – tobias_maartens 2 days ago add a comment